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Korean Industrial Insight No. 24 of AI, Semiconductors, Batteries, Electric vehicles, Robot, and Bio

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2026-05-04

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Ⅰ. AI INDUSTRY TRENDS

1. Samsung Electronics Provides Special AI transition Training to All DX Division Executives

- Ten sessions held for approximately 600 vice presidents and senior managers
- Consensus on comprehensive workflow redesign to lead in AI… Accelerating company-side AX
Samsung Electronics is launching AI competency-building training for executives in its Device Experience (DX) Division, marking the start of a full-scale company-wide push for AX (Artificial Intelligence Transformation).
According to industry sources on the 12th, Samsung Electronics has been conducting special AI training for all 600 vice presidents and senior vice presidents in the DX division since last month.
The training, which will be held 10 times in total through mid-month, is practical in nature and focuses on a “fundamental shift in work methods” rather than merely acquiring technical skills.
The main curriculum consists of: ▲ recent global trends in AI agents ▲ how to utilize AI using Vibe Coding ▲ principles and case studies for redesigning work processes for AX ▲ the role of leaders in accelerating AX.
Executives participating in the training paid close attention to "agent AI" technologies, such as Anthropic’s "Claude Cowork", that can reason and act independently.
In particular, by analyzing case studies of overseas companies that have successfully implemented AX, participants reportedly reached a consensus that Samsung Electronics must completely redesign its existing work methods to lead the AI era.
While Samsung Electronics is currently integrating AI into some tasks, it has been cautious about adopting external AI agents due to security concerns.
However, it is understood that the company is now pushing to expand AI adoption, having determined that it can no longer delay the AX transition if it is to become a leading AI company.
Previously, Samsung Electronics presented "AI-Driven Company" as its new vision and is accelerating its company-wide AX transition. At the end of last year, it established an "AI Strategy Team" to oversee AX through an organizational restructuring and deployed AX teams within each business division.
Strengthening AX capabilities is also aligned with the management’s commitment.
In his New Year’s message this year, Chairman Lee Jae-yong emphasized, “We must integrate AI into every part of the value chain, from R&D to production, marketing, and support departments,” adding, “We must go beyond simply adopting technology and completely transform our way of working and the very DNA of our organization.”
CEO Roh Tae-moon also urged in his New Year’s address, “Let’s innovate not only our work methods but also our mindset by utilizing AI in all tasks,” adding, “Through this, let’s dramatically increase the speed and productivity of our work.”

2. SKT Develops ‘CPU+NPU’ AI Server Solution… Strengthening AI Data Center Competitiveness

- SKT, ARM, and Rebellions form strategic partnership

SK Telecom is partnering with global semiconductor design firm Arm and domestic AI semiconductor startup Rebellions to collaborate on the artificial intelligence (AI) data center business.
SK Telecom announced on the 10th that it had signed a strategic partnership (MOU) with Arm and Rebellions on the 9th to innovate next-generation AI infrastructure.
Through this agreement, the three companies will jointly develop a solution that integrates Arm’s newly launched “Arm AGI CPU” and Rebellions’ “RebelCard” that is scheduled for release in the third quarter of this year into servers to enhance AI inference performance, and will conduct testing at SK Telecom’s AI data center.
The AI industry is shifting from 'training', the creation of AI models, to 'inference', the delivery of actual services. Consequently, the core challenge for AI infrastructure is evolving into how quickly and cost-effectively AI services can be provided while consuming minimal power. Since inference must operate 24/7 without interruption, power efficiency is directly linked to cost competitiveness.
The 'Arm AGI CPU' is a data center processor developed by Arm, characterized by its optimization for AI inference services. Rebellions’ 'RebelCard' is also an NPU (Neural Processing Unit) specialized for large-scale AI inference.
By integrating these two chips into a single server—where the CPU handles general-purpose computations such as data processing and system operations, while the NPU specializes in AI inference—power efficiency can be improved and operational costs reduced. SK Telecom explained that this approach represents an efficient server architecture for data centers operating large-scale AI services.
SK Telecom plans to deploy servers equipped with this solution in its own AI data centers to verify their performance and stability. In particular, the company is also considering using these servers to run A.X K1, an AI foundation model developed in-house by SK Telecom.
Lee Jae-shin, Head of AI Business Development at SK Telecom, said, "By providing a full package that combines infrastructure optimized for inference with our proprietary foundation model, A.X K1, we will further strengthen the competitiveness of our AI data centers."



3. Hyundai Motor Group Invests KRW 8 Trillion… to Build AI Hub in Wirye

- Consolidating R&D capabilities across affiliates
Hyundai Motor Group is investing 8 trillion won to build a large-scale facility in the Wirye New Town in Gyeonggi Province dedicated to artificial intelligence (AI) and software (SW) research and development (R&D). This move is intended to consolidate the AI and software capabilities currently scattered across its affiliates into a single location, thereby accelerating the group’s transformation into a “physical AI company.” Analysts view this as a strategic gambit to secure a leading position in the future mobility market, a goal that Hyundai Motor Group Chairman Chung Euisun has long emphasized.
Hyundai Motor held a board meeting on the 24th and decided to invest 2.8885 trillion won to acquire shares in “HMG Future Complex Co., Ltd.” Kia and Hyundai Mobis will also invest 2.3634 trillion won and 1.0988 trillion won, respectively. Including Hyundai Steel (516.4 billion won) and Hyundai Rotem (460.8 billion won), the total investment by the Hyundai Motor Group in this facility amounts to 7.3279 trillion won. With additional companies expected to move in, the total investment is projected to rise to around 8 trillion won. The scheduled completion date is December 23, 2030.
Hyundai Motor Group is establishing a new research hub because it believes that competitiveness in AI and software will be the key factor determining success in the future automotive market. Currently, software personnel are scattered across locations such as the Namyang Research Institute in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi Province, as well as Uiwang and Pangyo.
Once the new research facility is established, the AI and software development teams from each affiliate will be brought together under one roof. The plan is to minimize physical distance between organizations to maximize synergy. Personnel from the Pangyo AVP Headquarters, which specializes in autonomous driving technology, are also expected to relocate to this complex to accelerate the development of next-generation mobility platforms. A Hyundai Motor Group official explained, “Through this new research hub, we will break down barriers between affiliates to enhance research efficiency.”
The area around Bokjeong Station in Wirye New Town, selected as the research hub, is considered an ideal location for attracting top talent due to its prime location. This is because it is adjacent to Seoul’s Gangnam district and offers a residential and work environment preferred by software developers. Given that competitors are aggressively poaching software talent, this move is seen as a strategic choice to secure top talent.

Hyundai Motor Group Accelerates Its Physical AI Push… AI and Software Research Teams Gather in Wirye
The artificial intelligence (AI) and software (SW) research facility that Hyundai Motor Group is building in the Wirye New Town in Gyeonggi Province with an investment of 8 trillion won will be located in Complex Zone 2 within the Bokjeong Station area development site. It will consist of seven buildings ranging from five stories underground to ten stories above ground. The Bokjeong Station Area development, which will house the research facilities, is being led by a consortium comprising Hyundai Engineering & Construction, Hyundai Development Company, and SK D&D as the private-sector operator, with a total project cost of 10 trillion won. In addition to the Hyundai Motor Group’s research facilities, the complex will include residential, office, and commercial spaces.
Hyundai Motor Group has announced plans for large-scale investment in electrification and new businesses by 2030. The establishment of this research hub in Wirye is one of the measures to implement this plan. An industry insider predicted, “The Wirye research base will serve as a control tower for software and AI research at the group level,” adding, “By integrating dispersed research hubs, decision-making will be accelerated and technological convergence will become more active.”
Meanwhile, Kia announced this day that it recorded revenue of 29.5019 trillion won and an operating profit of 2.205 trillion won in the first quarter of this year. While revenue increased by 5.3% year-on-year, operating profit plummeted by 26.7% over the same period. This was due to the impact of 755 billion won in tariff costs incurred in the first quarter alone. When combined with Hyundai Motor (860 billion won), the two companies bore a total of 1.615 trillion won in tariff costs.
Although profitability declined, Kia’s first-quarter sales rose 0.9% year-on-year to 779,741 units. This marks the highest first-quarter sales figure in the company’s history. Sales of eco-friendly vehicles surged 33.1% year-on-year to 232,000 units, driving the company’s performance.
Affiliated companies posted “earnings surprises.” Hyundai Mobis reported first-quarter revenue of 15.5605 trillion won and operating profit of 802.6 billion won. These figures represent increases of 5.5% and 3.3%, respectively, compared to the previous year. Hyundai Rotem achieved its highest-ever first-quarter revenue, driven by strong defense exports. Operating profit surged 10.5% year-on-year to 224.2 billion won. Hyundai Wia also saw its revenue and operating profit rise by 5.7% and 6.2%, respectively.

Ⅱ. SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY TRENDS

1. U.S. Design, Japanese Components, Korean and Taiwanese Manufacturing… The ‘Big Four’ Structure of the Value
Chain

- The semiconductor value chain at a glance
- Semiconductor industry specialization varies by country and company
- South Korea leads in manufacturing technology and Excels in Both Front- and Back-End Processes
- Dongjin Semichem, Eugene Technology, and Hanmi Semiconductor Draw Attention
The semiconductor industry boasts the longest and most complex value chain among major industries. Hundreds of processes—from design to production and packaging—are interconnected like a network of capillaries. Due to the industry’s nature, which involves highly sophisticated processes and astronomical costs, specialization varies by country and company. Only when the U.S.’s original design capabilities, South Korea and Taiwan’s ultra-fine manufacturing technology, and Japan and Europe’s outstanding materials, parts, and equipment (MPE) capabilities mesh together like gears can a single chip be completed. If one can predict where the moves of a specific company will ripple through the supply chain, it becomes possible to proactively identify the “pulse” of semiconductor investment.
The Undisputed Leader ‘ASML’… China on the Hunt

Samsung Electronics and Taiwan’s TSMC manufacture semiconductors based on orders received from design companies (fabless firms) such as NVIDIA and Qualcomm. Representative design companies include AMD, Broadcom, and MediaTek.
Semiconductor manufacturing involves first forming an oxide layer on the wafer to act as a protective barrier, followed by the photolithography process to etch the fine circuits. Japan’s Shin-Etsu Chemical holds an overwhelming 30% share of the global silicon wafer market. The world’s second-largest wafer manufacturer is also a Japanese company, Sumco. In South Korea, SK Siltron is the only company producing wafers. Semiconductor manufacturers etch patterns onto wafers (photolithography process) and then remove the patterns (etching process). The exposure process, which uses light to imprint patterns during photolithography, is a core step in semiconductor manufacturing.
ASML of the Netherlands is the world’s sole manufacturer of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography equipment, which is essential for implementing ultra-fine processes of 7 nm (nanometers) or smaller. ASML’s performance is regarded as a “barometer” of the semiconductor market. Driven by expanding demand for artificial intelligence (AI), the company has posted strong earnings, and its stock price has more than doubled over the past year.
Dongjin Semichem manufactures the photoresist required when ASML equipment etches circuits. Next, etching equipment from Lam Research and Tokyo Electron precisely removes metal and silicon layers. Recently, China’s AMEC and NAURA have been making their mark in the equipment market. AMEC supplies 5nm etching equipment to TSMC. NAURA, China’s leading semiconductor equipment company, is expanding its product lineup to include etching, deposition, and cleaning, except for lithography. Riding the wave of a booming industry, their stock prices have surged by 70% and over 40%, respectively, over the past year. U.S.-based Applied Materials is also a leading company competing for the top spot globally in the deposition and etching sectors. Dutch firm ASM is recognized as a key player in the atomic layer deposition equipment sector.
KLA, the world’s largest semiconductor inspection and measurement equipment manufacturer, has also raised its revenue forecast for 2030 to $26 billion (approximately 39 trillion won) amid the recent industry boom. Its stock price has nearly tripled over the past year. In addition, specialty gas suppliers for the semiconductor industry, such as France’s Air Liquide and the U.S.’s Air Products, are part of the value chain. Air Liquide completed and began operations at a factory in South Korea last year. Air Products supplies industrial gases to semiconductor companies such as Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix.
Emerging Back-End Companies in Japan and South Korea
Once the front-end process is complete, wafers undergo testing and packaging. Well-known equipment manufacturers for the testing process include Teradyne (U.S.), Advantest (Japan), Leeno Industrial (South Korea), FormFactor (U.S.), and Winway (Taiwan). Teradyne, whose major clients include Apple, Samsung, and Intel, is widely recognized in the semiconductor test equipment (ATE) sector.
Advantest has emerged as Teradyne’s strongest competitor. It holds the top global market share in the high-bandwidth memory (HBM) testing equipment market, which requires advanced technological capabilities. Its stock price, which had been hovering around the 5,000 yen mark as recently as last April, has skyrocketed to around 25,000 yen in just one year. With a market capitalization of approximately 171 trillion won, it ranks second in Japan’s semiconductor equipment industry, trailing only Tokyo Electron (market cap: 192 trillion won).
FormFactor is a global leader in the production of probe cards, a key component in wafer inspection. It recorded revenue of $215.2 million in the fourth quarter of last year, exceeding expectations. Buoyed by these strong results, its stock price has more than tripled over the past six months. Winway’s stock price has also risen more than tenfold in the past year. The company manufactures test sockets used in the final inspection stage of semiconductor production.
South Korea’s Hanmi Semiconductor is also increasing its presence in the semiconductor value chain. Since launching the world’s first “TSV dual-stacking TC bonder” in 2017, it has dominated the TC bonder market for HBM. Hanmi Semiconductor’s stock price has risen by 333% over the past year.

2. Samsung Electronics Posts KRW 50 Trillion in Profit from Semiconductors Alone in Q1… Will It Surpass NVIDIA?

- Record-breaking operating profit driven by the convergence of the semiconductor “super cycle” and “strong won”
- "Samsung could surpass NVIDIA to become the world’s No.1 next year”
Samsung Electronics rewrote Korean corporate history by recording an operating profit of 57.2 trillion won in the first quarter of this year, driven by an unprecedented super cycle in memory semiconductors and a strong exchange rate.
Buoyed by this steep growth, Samsung Electronics has instantly entered the "Global Big Tech Top 5" in terms of quarterly operating profit.
Analysts suggest that if this trend continues, the company could surpass NVIDIA on an annual basis next year to claim the title of "world’s top operating profit earner."
Samsung Electronics announced in a filing on April 7 that it recorded 133 trillion won in revenue and 57.2 trillion won in operating profit for the first quarter of this year.
This marks not only the company’s highest-ever quarterly performance but also a result comparable to its record annual operating profit of 58.89 trillion won set in 2018—achieved in just a single quarter.
If this trend continues, it is highly likely that the company will surpass these figures in the second quarter.
Industry estimates suggest that the semiconductor business alone generated approximately 50 trillion won in operating profit. In particular, it is estimated that DRAM alone accounted for over 41 trillion won in operating profit.
Driven by the expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) data centers, demand for memory semiconductors continues to rise steadily, leading to price increases across the board for both DRAM and NAND products.
Analysts note that this upward trend in operating profit has been further accelerated by the expansion of High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) sales.
An increase in foreign exchange gains due to the rising won-dollar exchange rate also contributed to the improved earnings.
According to market research firm TrendForce, DRAM prices, which rose 90–95% in the first quarter compared to the previous quarter, are expected to rise an additional 60% in the second quarter.
Consequently, there are forecasts that DRAM prices will rise by 250% year-over-year on an annual basis.
As recently as early this year, there were concerns that the growth in demand for memory semiconductors might slow somewhat starting in the second half of the year.
However, as AI rapidly shifts from training to inference, the pace of investment in AI infrastructure has accelerated, and the prevailing view is that the increase in memory capacity—essential for achieving AI performance and securing storage—will continue robustly through the second half of the year.
KB Securities stated, "With AI data center companies accounting for 60% of Samsung Electronics’ DRAM and NAND shipments, the expansion of AI infrastructure investment—exceeding 1,000 trillion won annually—is structurally driving memory demand."
Following its industry-first mass production and shipment of HBM4 last February, Samsung Electronics is focusing on regaining market leadership by unveiling its next-generation product, HBM4E, at NVIDIA’s annual developer conference, “GTC 2026,” held last month.
Previously, during the Q4 earnings conference call last year, the company projected that HBM sales this year would more than triple compared to the previous year.
Securities analysts have significantly raised their annual operating profit forecast for Samsung Electronics this year from around 200 trillion won to over 300 trillion won.
With operating profit setting new records every quarter, there are also forecasts that the company could achieve operating profit in the 100 trillion won range in the fourth quarter of this year.
Consequently, some observers believe Samsung Electronics could leapfrog NVIDIA next year to become the world’s top company in terms of operating profit.
KB Securities forecasts Samsung Electronics’ operating profit at 327 trillion won for this year and 488 trillion won for 2027, stating, "While the projected operating profit gap between NVIDIA (357 trillion won) and Samsung Electronics (327 trillion won) this year is only 30 trillion won, Samsung Electronics’ current market capitalization ($830 billion) is just 19% of that of NVIDIA ($4.3 trillion), the global leader in operating profit, and only 57% of that of TSMC ($1.5 trillion), the world’s 11th-largest company, making its valuation extremely attractive.”
Samsung Electronics’ first-quarter operating profit this year ranks among the top five among major Big Tech companies.
Looking at the operating profits of major Big Tech companies that recently announced their quarterly results: ▲ Apple: $50.9 billion ▲ NVIDIA: $44.3 billion ▲ Microsoft: $38.3 billion ▲ Samsung Electronics: approximately $38 billion (preliminary) ▲ Alphabet: $35.93 billion.

3. Q1 GDP at 1.7% Amid Strong Semiconductor Exports… Highest in 5 Years and 6 Months (Comprehensive)

According to the Bank of Korea, South Korea’s economic growth rate for the first quarter was recorded at 1.7%. This is the highest level since the third quarter of 2020 (2.2%). Exports increased by 5.1%, driven primarily by IT products such as semiconductors. Real Gross Domestic Income (GDI) rose by 7.5% in the first quarter.
In the first quarter of this year (January–March), the South Korean economy grew by 1.7%, marking the highest growth rate in 22 quarters. Exports remained strong, led by semiconductors, while capital investment and imports also rebounded. As GDP increased across most economic sectors—excluding transportation and information and communications—real gross domestic income also rose by 7.5%.
According to the preliminary figures for "Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the First Quarter of 2026" released by the Bank of Korea on the 23rd, South Korea’s economic growth rate for the first quarter was recorded at 1.7%. This marks the highest growth rate since the 2.2% growth recorded in the third quarter of 2020.
In detail, exports and capital investment performed well. Exports rose 5.1%, driven primarily by IT products such as semiconductors. Imports increased by 3.0% due to higher imports of machinery, equipment, and automobiles.
Capital investment rose 4.8% as both machinery and transportation equipment increased, while construction investment rose 2.8% as both building construction and civil engineering projects expanded.
Private consumption rose 0.5% from the previous quarter, driven by an increase in goods (such as clothing). Government consumption increased by 0.1%, primarily due to higher spending on goods.
As a result, the private sector’s contribution to growth turned positive at 1.7 percentage points, up from -0.2 percentage points in the previous quarter. The government’s contribution remained unchanged from the previous quarter at 0.0 percentage points.
By category, the contribution of net exports was 1.1 percentage points, turning positive from -0.2 percentage points in the previous quarter, while the contribution of domestic demand to growth was 0.6 percentage points, up from 0.0 percentage points in the previous quarter.
By economic activity, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries grew by 4.1% from the previous quarter, led by crop farming. Manufacturing increased by 3.9%, driven by computers, electronic, and optical equipment.
The electricity, gas, and water supply sector grew by 4.5%, driven by water supply and raw material recycling, while the construction sector rose by 3.9% as both building construction and civil engineering increased. The service sector grew by 0.4%, led by finance and insurance, culture, and other sectors.
Real Gross Domestic Income (GDI) in the first quarter rose by 7.5%, significantly outpacing the real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 1.7%. Real Gross Domestic Income is calculated by adjusting real GDP for changes in terms of trade, and serves as an indicator of the actual purchasing power of final goods produced domestically.


Ⅲ. BATTERY AND ELECTRIC VEHICLE INDUSTRY TREND

1. South Korea’s Three Battery Makers Post ‘Joint Losses’ in Q1… Aiming for a Rebound in the Second Half via ESS

- EV market slows… LG Energy Solution posts 207.8 billion won loss; Samsung SDI and SK On also expected to post losses
- Turnaround expected in second half via ESS… Hopes to stimulate EV demand amid high oil prices
South Korea’s three major battery manufacturers are expected to post losses across the board in the first quarter of this year. This is due to a sharp deterioration in profitability caused by a slowdown in EV demand and adjustments to automakers’ electrification strategies.
However, there are expectations that the second half of the year could see a turnaround, with demand shifting toward energy storage systems (ESS). The recent increase in EV demand driven by high oil prices is also bolstering prospects for improved performance.
LG Energy Solution 'Slips into the Red'… Samsung SDI and SK On Expected to Post Losses in the 200 Billion Won Range
According to industry sources, LG Energy Solution announced in its preliminary first-quarter earnings report that it recorded revenue of 6.555 trillion won and an operating loss of 207.8 billion won. Compared to the same period last year, revenue decreased by 2.5%, and the company shifted to an operating loss.
Excluding the 189.8 billion won Advanced Manufacturing Production Credit (AMPC) under the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), the actual operating loss expands to 397.5 billion won. Revenue also shrinks to approximately 6.3652 trillion won. Analysts attribute this to a combination of factors, including a decline in EV shipments, lower capacity utilization rates, and increased costs from expanded ESS investments.
The situation for Samsung SDI and SK On is also not easy. According to FnGuide, Samsung SDI is expected to report first-quarter revenue of 3.4606 trillion won and an operating loss of 263.1 billion won. While revenue is projected to increase by 8.93% year-on-year, the company is expected to post an operating loss, following the previous quarter’s deficit of 379 billion won. However, the scale of the loss is expected to narrow compared to the previous quarter (approximately 379 billion won) and the first quarter of last year (434.1 billion won), indicating a gradual trend of improvement.
SK On is also projected to post an operating loss of around 300 billion won in the first quarter. The company has been hit hard by sluggish EV sales in the U.S., and its return to profitability appears to be delayed beyond initial expectations.
Market indicators are also grim. According to SNE Research, global EV battery usage from January to February this year reached 134.9 GWh, a 4.4% increase year-on-year; however, the combined market share of the three Korean companies fell by 2.2% to 15.0%. By company, shipments declined for LG Energy Solution (11.8 GWh, -2.7%), SK On (5.2 GWh, -12.9%), and Samsung SDI (3.3 GWh, -21.9%). In contrast, Chinese firms such as CATL and BYD are widening the gap by maintaining double-digit growth.
"Seeking a Rebound Centered on ESS"... Expectations for Stimulating EV Demand Amid High Oil Prices
However, expectations for improved performance in the second half of the year are also emerging. The key driver is ESS. This is because the rapid expansion of AI data center infrastructure, particularly in the U.S., is driving a surge in demand for ESS to ensure power stability. The U.S. ESS market is projected to grow from approximately 80 GWh in 2023 to around 130 GWh by 2030.
In fact, the three major Korean battery companies are accelerating their push into the U.S. market by signing large-scale ESS supply contracts with U.S. firms. The industry anticipates that earnings improvements will become evident starting in the second half of the year once these factories begin full-scale delivery of ESS products. An industry insider stated, "While the EV market is taking a breather, we will secure a lead in ESS demand driven by the expansion of the AI industry and achieve an earnings turnaround starting in the third quarter."
Expectations for improved earnings are also being bolstered by forecasts that the recovery of global EV demand will be accelerated due to the recent surge in oil prices. SNE Research projected that, driven by rising oil prices resulting from the U.S.-Iran conflict, this year’s EV market share will rise from the previously estimated 27% to 29%, and expand to around 35% by 2027.

2. Despite the Recovery of EV Battery Market… K-Battery’s Market Share Has Declined

- Non-Chinese EV battery shipments reached 65.3 GWh in January–February… Up 12.1% YoY
- LG Energy Solution, SK On, and Samsung SDI’s combined market share stands at 28.4%... a decrease of 8.8%
- China’s CATL at 22.2 GWh… More than double the installed capacity of second-place LG Energy Solution
The global electric vehicle (EV) battery market, excluding China, grew by 12.1% in January and February of this year. However, the market share of the three major South Korean battery companies fell by 8.8% during the same period.

According to market research firm SNE Research on the 9th, the amount of battery capacity installed in global electric vehicles (EVs, PHEVs, and HEVs, excluding China) from January to February this year was approximately 65.3 gigawatt-hours (GWh). This represents a 12.1% increase compared to the same period last year.
During the same period, the market share of the three major South Korean battery manufacturers—LG Energy Solution, SK On, and Samsung SDI—stood at 28.4%. This represents a decrease of 8.8% compared to the same period last year. All three companies reported negative growth. SNE Research stated, “This is analyzed to be the result of a 29.8% decline in EV sales in the U.S. market, coupled with a slowdown in EV sales by major automakers, which led to a decrease in battery usage.”
LG Energy Solution recorded 10.0 GWh, a 12.4% decrease from the same period last year (11.4 GWh). LG Energy Solution’s batteries are primarily installed in vehicles from major automakers such as Tesla, Chevrolet, Kia, and Volkswagen. Battery usage increased due to △rising sales of Tesla’s Model Y, △the launch of new models such as Kia’s EV4 and expanded sales of certain Kia models, and △rising sales of major EV models from Renault and Skoda. However, overall battery usage declined as EV sales slowed among major customers such as Chevrolet, Ford, and Volkswagen.
SK On’s battery usage fell 12.9% year-over-year to 5.2 GWh (from 6.0 GWh in the same period last year). SK On currently supplies batteries to major automakers such as Hyundai Motor Group, Mercedes-Benz, Ford, and Volkswagen. While battery installations increased due to stable sales of the Hyundai Motor Group’s Ioniq 5 and the launch of the new Ioniq 9, overall installations declined as EV sales slowed across its customer base, including Kia and Mercedes-Benz.
Samsung SDI recorded 3.3 GWh, a 21.9% decrease compared to the same period last year (4.3 GWh). The company’s major customers included BMW, Audi, and Rivian. However, it was directly impacted by the decline in battery installation volume as EV sales slowed across its customer base. In particular, for customers with high dependence on the North American market, such as Rivian and Jeep, the decline in battery usage is analyzed to have widened due to the direct impact of falling U.S. EV sales.
In contrast, the strong performance of Chinese companies such as CATL and BYD was notable. CATL recorded 22.2 GWh, a 27.4% increase from the same period last year (17.4 GWh), maintaining its top position in markets outside of China. In terms of installed capacity alone, this is more than double that of LG Energy Solution, which ranked second. Additionally, BYD recorded 6.7 GWh, a 68.2% increase (2.7 GWh) from the same period last year.
SNE Research explained, “Chinese battery manufacturers such as CATL and BYD are rapidly expanding their market share in non-Chinese markets based on expanded cooperation with global OEMs and entry into overseas markets,” adding, “The three major South Korean battery companies saw their growth momentum weaken and market share decline due to a combination of a customer base heavily reliant on the North American market and the impact of slowing sales of the major OEMs.”


3. Samsung SDI’s EV Batteries to Be Supplied to All Three German Automakers

- Samsung SDI breaks into Mercedes-Benz
Battery Supply Worth Tens of Trillions of Won: Samsung SDI is set to supply electric vehicle batteries worth tens of trillions of won to Germany’s Mercedes-Benz. With this contract, Samsung SDI has become the only one of South Korea’s three major battery manufacturers to supply EV batteries to the three German automakers—Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Audi—which are synonymous with premium imported cars.
Samsung SDI announced on the 20th that it has signed a multi-year contract with Mercedes-Benz to supply batteries for next-generation electric vehicles. Starting in 2028, the company will supply high-nickel (over 80% nickel content) nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) prismatic batteries for Mercedes-Benz’s next-generation electric vehicles. This marks the first time Samsung SDI will supply EV batteries to Mercedes-Benz.
The contract value is estimated to be in the trillions of won. The vehicles to be equipped with these batteries are compact and mid-size SUVs , and coupe models—vehicles that are small in size but deliver high-efficiency power output. It is reported that Mercedes-Benz partnered with Samsung SDI to diversify its supply sources for prismatic batteries, which had previously been heavily reliant on China. The industry believes that Samsung Electronics Chairman Lee Jae-yong’s meetings with Mercedes-Benz executives last November and last month to “pitch batteries” influenced this contract win.
Multi-trillion-won contract with Mercedes-Benz… Leaping forward as a strategic partner
Lee Jae-yong Meets with Mercedes-Benz Executives in Person… “Battery Sales” Efforts Bear Fruit
One of the concerns for Mercedes-Benz, which focuses primarily on the European market, is that the proportion of Chinese-made batteries is excessively high. In particular, the prismatic battery sector—a key focus area—was virtually a monopoly held by CATL. To address this imbalance, Stellantis, Mercedes-Benz, and TotalEnergies joined forces to establish a battery company called ACC, but their efforts fell short. This was because a lack of capital and technological capabilities, compounded by the EV market’s “chasm,” caused production scale and business progress to fall far short of initial plans. Ultimately, Mercedes-Benz sent out an “SOS” to Samsung SDI, a leader in prismatic batteries. This was because Samsung SDI has a production plant in Hungary, which minimizes tariff risks, and since the plant’s utilization rate is low, it can immediately begin production preparations.
◇ To be used in next-generation electric vehicle platforms
According to Samsung SDI on the 20th, the batteries will be supplied to models produced on Mercedes-Benz’s next-generation electric vehicle platform (MMA). These primarily include the GLA and GLB compact SUVs and the CLA coupe. The industry expects Samsung SDI’s batteries to be first applied to electric vehicles produced in 2028. The supply volume is estimated to be in the trillions of won. These electric vehicles will use high-nickel (over 80% nickel content) nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) batteries.
The interests of Mercedes-Benz also aligned. The vehicles produced by MMA are high-efficiency electric cars that offer excellent value for money. Mercedes-Benz standardized on prismatic batteries to facilitate mass production and reduce costs. Among the three major South Korean battery manufacturers, Samsung SDI possesses the most advanced technology in the prismatic battery sector. An industry insider stated, “Prismatic batteries make it easier to pack cells more neatly into compact vehicle bodies ,” adding, “This maximizes space efficiency and reduces costs.” Mercedes-Benz plans to use both low-cost lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and high-cost NCM batteries in these models. The structure involves CATL supplying LFP batteries and Samsung SDI supplying NCM batteries.
The European Union’s (EU) announcement of the Industrial Acceleration Act (IAA) last month also played a role. The IAA is a legislative initiative designed to encourage the production of strategic industries, such as batteries and electric vehicles, within Europe. It sets conditions for domestic production as a requirement for public procurement and subsidy eligibility. Additionally, regulations such as mandatory carbon emissions reporting and penalties for companies receiving subsidies from abroad place Chinese firms at a disadvantage. The industry analyzes that the company has has diversified its battery suppliers in anticipation of rising production costs from CATL. Ola Källenius, CEO of Mercedes-Benz, commented on the supply agreement with Samsung SDI, stating, “We have secured a stable supply chain for high-performance batteries.”


Ⅵ. ROBOT INDUSTRY TRENDS

1. LG Group Accelerates ‘Physical AI’ Push… “Mobilizing Company-Wide Resources for Robot Development”

- 'EXAONE 4.5' Unveiled… Outperforms GPT-5 Mini and Claude Sonnet 4.5
- EXAONE is the 'brain,' LG Electronics is the 'joints,' and Innotek is the 'eyes'
- Consolidating LG affiliates’ capabilities to vertically integrate ‘Physical AI’
LG Group is launching its 'Physical AI' business in earnest, integrating artificial intelligence (AI) technology with hardware such as robots.
With the unveiling of 'EXAONE 4.5,' which features enhanced visual intelligence, the group plans to mobilize its full manufacturing capabilities—including robots and home appliances—to accelerate the business restructuring centered on 'Physical AI' being promoted by Chairman Koo Kwang-mo.
On the 9th, LG AI Research unveiled "EXAONE 4.5," a multimodal AI model capable of simultaneously understanding and reasoning with text and images.
EXAONE serves as the brain at the core of LG’s Physical AI roadmap. This model is a vision-language model (VLM) capable of simultaneously understanding text and images, equipping robots with the “visual intelligence” needed to perceive the real world.
For a robot to move in the real world, perceiving its surroundings is the top priority. EXAONE 4.5 integrates a proprietary vision encoder to accurately interpret technical drawings, financial statements, and complex logistics site conditions.
Its performance has surpassed the global frontier level. It scored 77.3 points on the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) metrics, outperforming GPT-5 mini (73.5 points) and Anthropic’s Claude Sonnet 4.5 (74.6 points).
These technological advancements align with Chairman Koo Kwang-mo’s “ABC (AI, Bio, Clean Tech)” strategy, which serves as a future growth engine.
LG Group Chairman Koo Kwang-mo recently visited Silicon Valley, the forefront of global AI innovation, to personally oversee the group’s “AX (AI Transformation)” initiatives.
Chairman Koo’s meetings on the 2nd (local time) with Palantir CEO Alex Karp and the founders of Skilled AI are interpreted as clearly signaling that the priority for AI commercialization lies in “physical AI.”
Through executive meetings and other forums, Chairman Koo has emphasized that “speed is the most important factor in the AX era,” adding that “we must accumulate results through rapid execution rather than perfect planning.”
The realization of Physical AI lies in the integration of intelligence (software) and the body (hardware). LG is rushing to establish a "vertical integration" system that consolidates the hardware competitiveness of each affiliate under the holding company.
LG Electronics has staked its future on establishing a system for the design and mass production of actuators, which serve as the joints and muscles of robots.
At the shareholders’ meeting, Ryu Jae-cheol, President of LG Electronics, stated, “We will make this year the first year of our full-scale robot business,” revealing the company’s determination to secure a leading position in the components market.
LG Innotek is strengthening its camera module and LiDAR businesses—which serve as the robot’s visual infrastructure—and is preparing to mass-produce high-performance sensing components.
This structure allows the group to handle both the "brain" (software) and the "body" (hardware) in-house.
In addition, LG CNS will complete the overall ecosystem by taking charge of the operating system based on robot foundation models through collaboration with companies like Skilled AI.
LG’s strategy is to lead the market with “practical intelligence” that differentiates itself from Big Tech by integrating its unrivaled hardware data—from home appliances, automotive electronics, and manufacturing—into EXAONE’s intelligence.
An LG official stated, "AI must be able to accurately interpret visual information before we can move on to the next stage, such as robot applications," adding, "EXAONE 4.5 is a crucial preparatory step toward achieving physical intelligence."

2. Hyundai Motor Group Forms ‘Alliance’ with Google and NVIDIA… Seizes Leadership in Autonomous Driving and Robotics

- Developing Level 2+ SDV by 2027 and applying urban autonomous driving by 2029… Advancing end-to-end (E2E) models
- Boston Dynamics to popularize general-purpose robots within 10 years… Manufacturing innovation through synergy

Hyundai Motor Group is moving to secure leadership in the autonomous driving and robotics markets through comprehensive collaboration with global tech giants such as NVIDIA and Google DeepMind. The plan is to accelerate the launch of end-to-end (E2E) autonomous vehicles and secure leadership in future automotive technology through technological advancement. Furthermore, Boston Dynamics is working to advance robotics technology with the goal of popularizing general-purpose robots within the next 10 years.
Kia announced Hyundai Motor Group’s future strategy, including these details, at the “2026 CEO Investor Day” held at the Shilla Hotel in Jung-gu, Seoul, on this day.
Hyundai Motor Group analyzed that as artificial intelligence (AI) technology gains momentum, the competitive paradigm in the autonomous driving sector is rapidly shifting from the excellence of individual technologies to the scale and utilization structure of data.
Accordingly, the group plans to adopt sensor standardization as a core strategy and build a data alliance through a partnership with NVIDIA. Simultaneously, it aims to accumulate real-world driving data through annual global sales of millions of vehicles, thereby implementing a virtuous data cycle where data accumulation, learning, performance improvement, and product application are repeated.
Development of SDV with Level 2+ autonomous driving to be completed in 2027… Level 2++ technology to be applied in 2029
Autonomous driving technology will be pursued through two strategies to accelerate market launch and secure long-term technological leadership.
First, the company plans to secure early standardization of sensors and systems through collaboration with proven global partners and, based on this, quickly launch mass-produced vehicles into the market. This will provide immediate value to customers.
Additionally, the company will continuously enhance its proprietary end-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving model by leveraging driving data accumulated from mass-produced vehicles, thereby securing high stability and reliability in autonomous driving technology through its own capabilities.
Kia stated that these two strategies are not simply being pursued in parallel. The company plans to secure sustainable leadership in autonomous driving technology through a virtuous cycle: accelerating market entry through external collaboration, and using the real-world production data and experience gained in the process to strengthen in-house technology.
Accordingly, Kia plans to complete development of its first SDV model equipped with Level 2+ technology for highways by the end of 2027. By early 2029, the company plans to apply Level 2++ technology, enabling autonomous driving not only on highways but also in urban environments.
Kia’s first SDV vehicle will incorporate the SDV architecture ‘CODA,’ the next-generation infotainment platform ‘Pleos Connect,’ and the vehicle-specific agentic AI ‘Gleo AI’—all of which represent the SDV technologies accumulated by the Hyundai Motor Group.
Boston Dynamics Aims to Popularize General-Purpose Robots Within 10 Years
The group is also setting out to establish market leadership in the robotics sector. Boston Dynamics, a subsidiary of Hyundai Motor Group, has set the popularization of general-purpose robots within the next 10 years as its goal, presenting the realization of robot technology that can “move anywhere, perceive the surrounding environment, and manipulate anything” as its core vision.
To achieve this, the company is pursuing three key differentiation strategies: △ securing demand and collecting data by linking with Hyundai Motor Group’s production facilities; △ investing over $500 million in AI infrastructure and talent, and securing capabilities in physical AI and VLA through strategic partnerships with companies such as Google DeepMind and NVIDIA; and △ realizing economies of scale by leveraging the Group’s supply chain, including collaboration with Hyundai Mobis (next-generation Atlas actuators).
In terms of the product roadmap, the company will adopt a phased approach, starting with key robots such as Atlas based on currently validated technologies and gradually expanding to more complex tasks through AI training.
The company also aims to leverage synergies within the group. In the logistics innovation sector, it will challenge the development of the last-mile delivery market—estimated to be worth $288 billion annually—by offering a full-stack solution that combines Stretch and Spot with Kia’s PBVs (PV7 and PV9).
Atlas will be fully deployed at Hyundai Motor Group’s Meta Plant America (HMGMA) in Georgia in 2028, followed by deployment at Kia’s Georgia plant (KaGA) in the second half of 2029. Additionally, the company plans to expand the system to global manufacturing plants in a phased manner, selecting 16 core processes on the production floor to improve safety, productivity, and quality.

3. South Korean Defense Minister Ahn Gyu-Back, “75% Reduction in Frontline Troops”… to Be Replaced by Robots and Drones

- Defense Minister, “Introduction of a scientific border security system for GOP”
The Ministry of National Defense will reduce the number of troops stationed at General Outposts (GOPs) on the front lines that is currently around 22,000, by 75%. Instead, it will transition to a scientific border security system utilizing sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), and robots.
Defense Minister Ahn Kyu-back announced this during a press conference held on the 7th at the Defense Convention Center in Yongsan, Seoul. Minister Ahn stated, “There are currently about 22,000 troops stationed along the GOP. We plan to build an AI-based scientific border security system, leaving only about 6,000 troops in place and reassigning the remainder (approximately 16,000).”
The GOP scientific border security system project integrates drones, multi-legged combat robots, and rail-mounted robots into an AI-based sensor network, shifting the primary role of surveillance and strike from humans to robots. Due to low birth rates and an aging population, the South Korean military’s available manpower is projected to shrink to one-third of its current level in 10 to 15 years. This project has been underway since the 2020s to address this critical security gap.


Minister Ahn emphasized, “Modern warfare is space warfare, electronic warfare, and cyber warfare,” adding, “A new form of warfare that transcends the traditional model of infantry, artillery, and support units is spreading.” He noted that “asymmetric” warfare—in which inexpensive drones neutralize expensive, advanced weapons—has become the norm. In the US-Iran conflict as well, there were frequent instances where inexpensive Shahed drones neutralized high-cost radar bases and Patriot missiles.
Minister Ahn announced plans to introduce a “selective volunteer military system” based on the draft, with a focus on science and technology. This selective conscription system is not a professional military system, but a framework designed to strengthen the technical expertise of service members. Minister Ahn stated, “We need about 50,000 technology-intensive non-commissioned officers,” adding, “We will establish a virtuous cycle by building a system that allows their skills to be linked to careers after discharge, enabling them to contribute their capabilities in the industrial sector.”
Under the selective volunteer military system, it is proposed that personnel serve for 4 to 5 years in fields such as space, AI, quantum technology, and cyber warfare, and then apply for discharge or conversion to long-term service based on their preferences. The virtuous cycle structure mentioned by Minister Ahn is interpreted as a plan to establish preferential hiring regulations for discharged technology-intensive non-commissioned officers seeking employment at space defense industry companies such as Hanwha Group, LIG Nex 1, and others.


Ⅴ. BIO INDUSTRY TRENDS

1. K-Bio Q1 Exports Reach $2 Billion, Up 11.1% YoY… All-Time High

South Korea’s biopharmaceutical exports in the first quarter of this year reached $2 billion (approximately 2.96 trillion won), marking an all-time high. This is attributed primarily to the expansion of competitiveness in contract development and manufacturing (CDMO) for biopharmaceuticals.
The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety announced on the 10th that South Korea’s biopharmaceutical exports for the first quarter of this year reached $2 billion (preliminary figure), an 11.1% increase from the first quarter of last year. This figure accounts for 71% of the total $2.8 billion in pharmaceutical exports for the first quarter of this year.
On a monthly basis, exports in January and February rose 11.9% and 25.4% year-on-year to $660 million and $690 million, respectively. March exports stood at $650 million, a level similar to the same period last year, showing steady export performance from January through March.
Switzerland was the top export destination in the first quarter of this year. Exports to Switzerland totaled $340 million, accounting for 17% of total exports. Exports to Switzerland increased by 70% compared to the same period last year ($200 million).
It was followed by the United States at $330 million (16.5% of total exports), Hungary at $300 million (15% of total exports), Germany at $200 million (10% of total exports), and the Netherlands at $190 million (9.5% of total exports). Exports to these top five countries accounted for 68.4% of total exports.
The increase in exports to Europe is attributed to a combination of factors, including collaboration with global pharmaceutical companies, technology exports, and a favorable environment for biosimilars.

The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety has stated that it will provide regulatory innovation and tailored information, and actively pursue regulatory diplomacy with major export destinations to strengthen the global competitiveness of domestic biopharmaceuticals and support their entry into overseas markets.
First, the “Special Act on Regulatory Support for Contract Development and Manufacturing Organizations (CDMOs) for Biopharmaceuticals” was enacted last year. This allows CDMOs focused on exports to enter the global market without a pharmaceutical manufacturing license.
Additionally, to reduce the time required for exports, the agency has reduced the number of documents required for pre-GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) evaluations. It has also been promoting a pilot project for the certification of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturing sites.

2. Samsung Biologics Applies for Construction Permit for Plant 6… Construction to Be Handled by Samsung E&A

It has been confirmed that Samsung Biologics, a specialized CDMO company, applied for a construction permit for Plant 6 last month.
According to the industry, Samsung Biologics applied for a construction permit with the Incheon Free Economic Zone Authority at the end of March. Considering that the approval process typically takes about a month, a decision on the permit is expected as early as the end of this month.
The key factor is the board resolution. If the board approves the construction, work is expected to begin quickly.

In fact, Plant 5, which received a construction permit on March 8, 2023, had its construction approved by the board of directors on the 17th of the same month. Subsequently, it received approval to begin construction from the Incheon Free Economic Zone Authority on the 5th of the following month.
Samsung E&A will be in charge of the construction of Plant 6. Samsung E&A built Plants 2 through 5, with the exception of Plant 1.
Samsung Biologics announced at the 44th J.P. Morgan Healthcare Conference (JPMHC2025) held in San Francisco, U.S., in January that it aims to break ground on Plant 6 within the year and complete construction by 2027.
At the event, John Rim, CEO of Samsung Biologics, stated, “We can break ground on Plant 6 as soon as we receive board approval,” adding, “A decision is likely to be made this year.”
Samsung Biologics’ Plant 6 is scheduled to be built with the same capacity as Plant 5, at 180,000 liters. Upon completion, Samsung Biologics will secure a total production capacity of 1,025,000 liters, including its Rockville, U.S. plant (60,000 liters).
A related official from Samsung Biologics said, "The construction permit for Plant 6 is intended to ensure thorough compliance with preliminary administrative procedures and to facilitate the smooth progress of the project," adding, "As matters related to the permit are subject to the review process of the relevant authorities, it is difficult to provide specific answers regarding the likelihood of approval or the timing."
They added, “The construction start date has not yet been decided,” noting, “It will be finalized following a board resolution and other procedures.”

3. K-Bio Expanding Its Global Presence… Ranked 3rd in Global R&D, Share of U.S. Drug Imports Also Growing

- Pipeline share at 14.2%…Ranked 3rd behind the U.S. and China, ahead of Japan
- 426 Korean pharmaceutical and biotech companies accelerate drug R&D
- Korea’s share of U.S. drug imports reaches 2.31%…Ranks 13th

Korean biopharmaceuticals are rapidly increasing their presence in the global market. As global new drug development shifts from chemically synthesized drugs to biopharmaceuticals, Korea is expanding its influence by ranking third in R&D pipelines, following the U.S. and China.
According to data compiled on the 26th by the Korea BioEconomy Research Center (KBRC) of the Korea Biotechnology Industry Organization (KoreaBIO) from CITELINE’s “Pharma R&D Annual Review 2026,” South Korea’s share of the global drug pipeline stood at 14.2% as of 2026, ranking third behind the U.S. and China.
The United States maintained its top position, accounting for over 50% of the total, while China ranked second with 31.1%. The United Kingdom (13.8%), Germany (11.2%), and Japan (10.2%) followed.


The report noted, "While South Korea has traditionally been classified as a country focused on improved new drugs, it has recently drawn attention as the proportion of R&D for new drugs has rapidly expanded, resulting in a larger pipeline than Japan’s."
With the global pharmaceutical development landscape clearly shifting toward biopharmaceuticals this year, there is also a growing consensus that the South Korean biotech industry has even greater room for growth.
As of this year, for the first time in history, biopharmaceuticals accounted for 50.1% of the global drug pipeline, surpassing chemically synthesized drugs (chemicals). This marks a complete reversal of the structure that existed just 30 years ago, when chemical drugs dominated with an 85 to 15 ratio. The shift toward a biopharmaceutical-centric landscape is gaining momentum as monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and cell and gene therapies (CGTs) are rapidly increasing.
By therapeutic area, development is most active in lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, type 2 diabetes, and stomach cancer, and the scope of research is expanding to include Alzheimer’s disease, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, and prostate cancer.


Changes are also evident in global trade. According to UN Comtrade data, the share of pharmaceuticals imported by the United States from South Korea in 2025 was 2.31%, an increase of 0.44% from the previous year (1.87%). South Korea’s ranking also rose three spots, from 16th to 13th.
Notably, 95.75% of the pharmaceuticals the U.S. imports from South Korea are biopharmaceuticals, indicating that South Korea’s pharmaceutical exports to the U.S. have effectively been restructured around biopharmaceuticals. In terms of biopharmaceuticals, South Korea’s share of total U.S. imports expanded from 3.43% in 2024 to 4.31% in 2025, moving up to 8th place.
With South Korea simultaneously entering the global R&D top tier and expanding its biopharmaceutical exports to the U.S. market, K-Bio is demonstrating a trend of increasing its presence in both research and development and trade.
Meanwhile, while the global pipeline size has shrunk slightly, the qualitative changes are distinct. As of January 2026, the global pharmaceutical pipeline stood at 22,940 candidates, a 3.92% decrease from the previous year. This is due to a 14% decline in preclinical-stage candidates.
Conversely, the clinical pipeline has grown. Phase 1 trials increased by 2.7%, Phase 2 by 9.1%, and Phase 3 by 8.8%. Notably, the Phase 3 pipeline, which had previously stagnated, has returned to growth, indicating a strengthening of late-stage development.
This indicates that companies are focusing their R&D resources on the clinical stage—particularly the late stages—rather than on early-stage exploration. Some interpret this as a sign that the likelihood of actual new drug launches is increasing, rather than merely expanding the pipeline.
　

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Korean Industrial Insight No.26 of AI, Semiconductors, Batteries, Electric vehicles, Robot, and Bio in chinese